5750
Tense - Present See 5774
Voice - No Voice Stated See 5799
Mood - Infinitive See 5795
Count - 135
5751
Tense - Present See 5774
Voice - No Voice Stated See 5799
Mood - Optative See 5793
Count - 12
5752
Tense - Present See 5774
Voice - No Voice Stated See 5799
Mood - Participle See 5796
Count - 186
5753
Tense - Present See 5774
Voice - No Voice Stated See 5799
Mood - Subjunctive See 5792
Count - 68
5754
Tense - Second Perfect See 5782
Voice - Active See 5784
Mood - Indicative See 5791
Count - 97
5755
Tense - Second Perfect See 5782
Voice - Active See 5784
Mood - Infinitive See 5795
Count - 8
5756
Tense - Second Perfect See 5782
Voice - Active See 5784
Mood - Participle See 5796
Count - 43
5757
Tense - Second Perfect See 5782
Voice - Passive See 5786
Mood - Participle See 5796
Count - 1
5758
Tense - Perfect See 5778
Voice - Active See 5784
Mood - Indicative See 5791
Count - 516
5759
Tense - Perfect See 5778
Voice - Active See 5784
Mood - Imperative See 5794
Count - 1
5760
Tense - Perfect See 5778
Voice - Active See 5784
Mood - Infinitive See 5795
Count - 30
5761
Tense - Perfect See 5778
Voice - Active See 5784
Mood - Participle See 5796
Count - 193
5762
Tense - Perfect See 5778
Voice - Active See 5784
Mood - Subjunctive See 5792
Count - 10
5763
Tense - Perfect See 5778
Voice - Middle Deponent See 5788
Mood - Indicative See 5791
Count - 1
5764
Tense - Perfect See 5778
Voice - Middle See 5785
Mood - Indicative See 5791
Count - 1
5765
Tense - Perfect See 5778
Voice - Middle See 5785
Mood - Participle See 5796
Count - 5
5766
Tense - Perfect See 5778
Voice - Middle or Passive Deponent See 5790
Mood - Indicative See 5791
Count - 19
5767
Tense - Perfect See 5778
Voice - Middle or Passive Deponent See 5790
Mood - Infinitive See 5795
Count - 0
5768
Tense - Perfect See 5778
Voice - Middle or Passive Deponent See 5790
Mood - Participle See 5796
Count - 4
5769
Tense - Perfect See 5778
Voice - Passive See 5786
Mood - Indicative See 5791
Count - 215
5770
Tense - Perfect See 5778
Voice - Passive See 5786
Mood - Imperative See 5794
Count - 3
5771
Tense - Perfect See 5778
Voice - Passive See 5786
Mood - Infinitive See 5795
Count - 9
5772
Tense - Perfect See 5778
Voice - Passive See 5786
Mood - Participle See 5796
Count - 463
5773
Tense - No Tense Stated See 5799
Voice - No Voice Stated See 5799
Mood - Imperative See 5794
Count - 22
5774
Tense - Present
The present tense represents a simple statement of fact
or reality viewed as occurring in actual time. In most cases
this corresponds directly with the English present tense.
Some phrases which might be rendered as past tense in English
will often occur in the present tense in Greek. These are
termed "historical presents," and such occurrences dramatize
the event described as if the reader were there watching the
event occur. Some English translations render such historical
presents in the English past tense, while others permit the
tense to remain in the present.
5775
Tense - Imperfect
The imperfect tense generally represents continual or repeated
action. Where the present tense might indicate "they are
asking," the imperfect would indicate "they kept on asking."
In the case of the verb "to be," however, the imperfect tense
is used as a general past tense and does not carry the
connotation of continual or repeated action.
5776
Tense - Future
The future tense corresponds to the English future, and
indicates the contemplated or certain occurrence of an event
which has not yet occurred.
5777
Tense - Aorist
The aorist tense is characterized by its emphasis on punctiliar
action; that is, the concept of the verb is considered without
regard for past, present, or future time. There is no
direct or clear English equivalent for this tense, though it is
generally rendered as a simple past tense in most translations.
The events described by the aorist tense are classified into a
number of categories by grammarians. The most common of these
include a view of the action as having begun from a certain
point ("inceptive aorist"), or having ended at a certain point
("cumulative aorist"), or merely existing at a certain point
("punctiliar aorist"). The categorization of other cases can
be found in Greek reference grammars.
The English reader need not concern himself with most of these
finer points concerning the aorist tense, since in most cases
they cannot be rendered accurately in English translation,
being fine points of Greek exegesis only. The common practice
of rendering an aorist by a simple English past tense should
suffice in most cases.
5778
Tense - Perfect
The perfect tense in Greek corresponds to the perfect tense in
English, and describes an action which is viewed as having been
completed in the past, once and for all, not needing to be
repeated.
Jesus' last cry from the cross, TETELESTAI ("It is finished!")
is a good example of the perfect tense used in this sense,
namely "It [the atonement] has been accomplished, completely,
once and for all time."
Certain antiquated verb forms in Greek, such as those related
to seeing (eidw) or knowing (oida) will use the perfect tense
in a manner equivalent to the normal past tense. These few
cases are exception to the normal rule and do not alter the
normal connotation of the perfect tense stated above.
5779
Tense - Pluperfect
The pluperfect tense in Greek occurs rarely. It corresponds
in a single Greek word to the sense of the English pluperfect,
which indicates an event viewed as having been once and for
all accomplished in past time. In contrast, the perfect tense
reflects the final completion of an action at the present
moment described.
In translation the Greek pluperfect may not always follow the
rendering of the English pluperfect, due to excessive wordiness.
The English pluperfect is normally formed with the past tense
of the "helping" verbs "to have" or "to be," plus the past
participle, e.g., "He had finished." The English perfect
is formed by the present tense of the helping verb plus the
past participle, e.g., "He has finished."
5780
Tense - Second Aorist
The "second aorist" tense is identical in meaning and
translation to the normal or "first" aorist tense. The only
difference is in the form of spelling the words in Greek, and
there is no effect upon English translation.
See "Aorist" # 5777
5781
Tense - Second Future
The "second future" is identical in meaning to that of the
normal or "first" future tense. The classification merely
reflects a spelling variation in Greek of the "first future"
tense, and has no effect on English meaning beyond that of the
normal future.
See "Future" # 5776
5782
Tense - Second Perfect
The second perfect is identical in meaning to that of the
normal or "first" perfect tense, and has no additional effect
on English translation. The classification merely represents
a spelling variation in Greek.
See "Perfect" # 5778
5783
Tense - Second Pluperfect
The second pluperfect is identical in meaning to that of the
normal or "first" pluperfect tense. It has no additional
meaning or effect on English translation, and merely reflects
a spelling variation in Greek.
5784
Voice - Active
The active voice represents the subject as the doer or
performer of the action. E.g., in the sentence, "The
boy hit the ball," the boy performs the action.
5785
Voice - Middle
The middle voice indicates the subject performing an action
upon himself (reflexive action) or for his own benefit. E.g.,
"The boy groomed himself." Many verbs which occur only in
middle voice forms are translated in English as having an
active sense; these are called "deponent" verbs, and do not
comply with the normal requirements for the middle voice.
5786
Voice - Passive
The passive voice represents the subject as being the
recipient of the action. E.g., in the sentence, "The boy was
hit by the ball," the boy receives the action.
5787
Voice - Either Middle or Passive
Many of the so-called "deponent" verbs can have either a
middle or passive form. These are normally translated as
having an active voice, since they have no active form in
their outward spelling. At times, however, they retain their
middle or passive significance.
5788
Voice - Middle Deponent
The middle deponent forms in almost all cases are translated
as being in the active voice.
See "Active" # 5784
5789
Voice - Passive Deponent
The passive deponent forms in almost all cases are translated
as being in the passive voice.
See "Passive" # 5786
5790
Voice - Middle or Passive Deponent
The middle or passive deponent forms in almost all cases are
translated as being in the active voice.
See "Active" # 5784
5791
Mood - Indicative
The indicative mood is a simple statement of fact. If an
action really occurs or has occurred or will occur, it will be
rendered in the indicative mood.
5792
Mood - Subjunctive
The subjunctive mood is the mood of possibility and
potentiality. The action described may or may not occur,
depending upon circumstances. Conditional sentences of the
third class ("ean" + the subjunctive) are all of this type, as
well as many commands following conditional purpose clauses,
such as those beginning with "hina."
5793
Mood - Optative
The optative mood is generally used in the so-called
"fourth-class" conditions which express a wish or desire for
an action to occur in which the completion of such is
doubtful. By the time of the New Testament, the optative mood
was beginning to disappear from spoken and written Greek, and
such rarely occurs in the New Testament.
In a few cases, verbs in the optative mood stand apart from a
conditional clause to express the strongest possible wish
regarding an event. The most common of these appears in the
phrase "mh genoito" (AV,"God forbid"; NKJV "Certainly not").
5794
Mood - Imperative
The imperative mood corresponds to the English imperative, and
expresses a command to the hearer to perform a certain action
by the order and authority of the one commanding. Thus,
Jesus' phrase, "Repent ye, and believe the gospel" (Mk.1:15)
is not at all an "invitation," but an absolute command
requiring full obedience on the part of all hearers.
5795
Mood - Infinitive
The Greek infinitive mood in most cases corresponds to the
English infinitive, which is basically the verb with "to"
prefixed, as "to believe."
Like the English infinitive, the Greek infinitive can be used
like a noun phrase ("It is better to live than to die"), as
well as to reflect purpose or result ("This was done to
fulfil what the prophet said").
5796
Mood - Participle
The Greek participle corresponds for the most part to the
English participle, reflecting "-ing" or "-ed" being suffixed
to the basic verb form. The participle can be used either
like a verb or a noun, as in English, and thus is often termed
a "verbal noun."
5797
Mood - Impersonal
The impersonal mood is used only in a few verb forms which do
not conjugate in the full sense. The most common of these is
the Greek word "dei," which is most often rendered "it is
necessary" or "one must."
5798
Mood - Imperative-Sense Participle
This reflects a Greek participle which implies that a command
to perform the action is implicit, even though it is not
outwardly or directly expressed.
5799
No Tense or Voice Stated
In a number of places certain verbs are cited in Perschbacher's
"The New Analytical Greek Lexicon" which do not have any tense
or voice directly stated.
In almost all of these cases, one can assume that the tense is
Present and the voice is Active, especially when the sense is
that of a command (Imperative).
See "Present" # 5774
See "Active" # 5784